ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

organic functional groups

Chemical class	Group	Formula	Prefix	Suffix
Alcohol	Hydroxyl	R−OH	hydroxy-	-ol
Alkanes	Methyl	R−CH3	methyl- (similarly for higher alkyl substituents: ethyl, propyl, butyl, etc.)
Alkenes	Alkene	R−CH=CH−R'	convert the part substituting for alk in the name of the alkaneinto the alk of the word alkene: ethane/ethene,propane/propene, butane/butene, etc.	-ene
Alkynes	Alkyne	R−C≡C−R'	convert the part substituting for alk in the name of the alkaneinto the alk of the word alkyne: ethane/ethyne,propane/propyne, butane/butyne, etc.	-yne
Amide	Amide	R−C(=O)N(−H)−R'	name according to the parent amine and acid, respectively:alkyl alkanamide
Amines	primary Amine	R−NH2	amino-	-amine
	secondary Amine	R−N(−H)−R'	amino-	-amine
	tertiary Amine	R−N(−R')−R	amino-	-amine
Azo	Azo	R-N=N-R'
	Nitrile	R−C≡N	alkyl nitrile
	Pyridyl	R−C5H4N
Carboxylic acid	Carboxyl	R−C(=O)OH non-ionized R−C(=O)O− ionized	hydrocarboxy-	-oic acid
Carbonyl	Aldehyde	R−C(=O)H		-al
	Ketone	R−C(=O)−R'	keto-	-one
Imines	primary Imine	R−C(=NH)−R'	imino-	-imine
	secondary Imine	R−C(−H)=N−R'	imino-	-imine
Ether	Ether	R−O−R'	named according to the parent alcohols, respectively:alkylalkylether
Ester	Ester	R−C(=O)O−R'	named according to the parent alcohol and acid, respectively:alkyl alkanoate
Halogens	Halogen	F,Cl,Br,etc.
Isocyanates	Isocyanate	R−N=C=O	alkyl isocyanate
	Isothiocyanate	R−N=C=S	alkyl isothiocyanate
Phenyl	Phenyl	R−C6H5
Benzyl	Benzyl	R−CH2−C6H5	benzyl
	Phosphodiester	R−OP(=O)2O−R'
Thiol	sulfhydryl group	R−SH		-thiol
	Thioether	R−S−R'